Bird

"Aves" and "Avifauna" redirect here. For other uses, see Aves (disambiguation) and Avifauna (disambiguation).

Birds Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Present, 85–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Examples of various avian orders. Row 1: Red-crested turaco, shoebill, white-tailed tropicbird Row 2: Steller's sea eagle, black crowned crane, common peafowl Row 3: Mandarin duck, Anna's hummingbird, Atlantic puffin Row 4: southern cassowary, rainbow lorikeet, American flamingo Row 5: gentoo penguin, great blue heron, blue-footed booby Row 6: bar-throated minla, Eurasian eagle-owl, keel-billed toucan
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Ornithurae
Class:	Aves Linnaeus, 1758[2]
Subclasses
Neognathae Palaeognathae
Synonyms
Neornithes Gadow, 1883

Birds (class Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, a beak with no teeth, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Scientific consensus is that birds are modern theropod dinosaurs. Birds have more or less developed wings; the only known groups without wings are the moa and elephant birds, which are generally considered to have became extinct in the 16th century. Wings are evolved forelimbs, and most bird species can fly. Flightless birds include ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. Some species of birds, particularly penguins and members of the duck family, are adapted for swimming. Birds also have digestive and respiratory systems that are uniquely adapted for flight. Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture.
Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and songs, and participating in such social behaviours as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, but rarely for life. Other species have polygynous ("many females") or, rarely, polyandrous ("many males") breeding systems. Eggs are usually laid in a nest and incubated by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching.
Many species are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure throughout human culture. About 120–130 species have become extinct due to human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreational birdwatching is an important part of the ecotourism industry.
Aves ranks as the tetrapod class with the most living species, approximately ten thousand (half of them being passerines). Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) ostrich. The fossil record indicates that true birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago.^[3] However, primitive bird-like "stem-birds" that lie outside Aves proper, in the group Avialae, have been found dating back to the mid-Jurassic period.^[1] Many of these early stem-birds, such as Archaeopteryx, were not yet capable of fully powered flight, and many retained primitive characteristics like toothy jaws in place of beaks and long bony tails.^[1][4]

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